问：对于《疫苗管理法》，家长们需重点关注哪些内容？
答：居住(zhu)在(zai)中国境内(nei)的居民，依法享(xiang)有接(jie)种免(mian)疫(yi)规(gui)(gui)划(hua)(hua)疫(yi)苗(miao)的权利，履行接(jie)种免(mian)疫(yi)规(gui)(gui)划(hua)(hua)疫(yi)苗(miao)的义务。政府免(mian)费向居民提供免(mian)疫(yi)规(gui)(gui)划(hua)(hua)疫(yi)苗(miao)。县级(ji)以上(shang)人民政府及其有关部门应当保(bao)障适(shi)龄(ling)儿(er)童接(jie)种免(mian)疫(yi)规(gui)(gui)划(hua)(hua)疫(yi)苗(miao)。监护人应当依法保(bao)证适(shi)龄(ling)儿(er)童按(an)时接(jie)种免(mian)疫(yi)规(gui)(gui)划(hua)(hua)疫(yi)苗(miao)。
国(guo)务(wu)院药品监(jian)督管(guan)(guan)理部(bu)门(men)会同国(guo)务(wu)院卫生(sheng)健康主管(guan)(guan)部(bu)门(men)制(zhi)定统(tong)一的疫(yi)苗(miao)追溯(su)(su)标(biao)准和(he)规范，建立全(quan)国(guo)疫(yi)苗(miao)电(dian)子(zi)(zi)追溯(su)(su)协(xie)同平(ping)台，整合疫(yi)苗(miao)生(sheng)产、流通和(he)预(yu)(yu)防接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)全(quan)过程追溯(su)(su)信(xin)息，实现(xian)疫(yi)苗(miao)可(ke)(ke)追溯(su)(su)。疫(yi)苗(miao)上(shang)市(shi)许可(ke)(ke)持有人(ren)应当建立疫(yi)苗(miao)电(dian)子(zi)(zi)追溯(su)(su)系统(tong)，与(yu)全(quan)国(guo)疫(yi)苗(miao)电(dian)子(zi)(zi)追溯(su)(su)协(xie)同平(ping)台相衔接(jie)(jie)，实现(xian)生(sheng)产、流通和(he)预(yu)(yu)防接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)全(quan)过程最小(xiao)包装(zhuang)单(dan)位疫(yi)苗(miao)可(ke)(ke)追溯(su)(su)、可(ke)(ke)核查。疾病(bing)预(yu)(yu)防控制(zhi)机构、接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)单(dan)位应当依(yi)法如实记录(lu)疫(yi)苗(miao)流通、预(yu)(yu)防接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)等情况，并(bing)按照规定向全(quan)国(guo)疫(yi)苗(miao)电(dian)子(zi)(zi)追溯(su)(su)协(xie)同平(ping)台提供追溯(su)(su)信(xin)息。
国家实行疫苗(miao)批签(qian)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制度。每批疫苗(miao)销售前或者(zhe)进口(kou)时，应(ying)当经国务(wu)院药(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)监(jian)督(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)部门(men)指定的(de)批签(qian)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)机构按照相(xiang)关技(ji)术要求进行审核(he)、检验。符合(he)要求的(de)，发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)给批签(qian)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)证(zheng)明；不符合(he)要求的(de)，发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)给不予批签(qian)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)通(tong)知书。不予批签(qian)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)疫苗(miao)不得(de)销售，并应(ying)当由省、自治区(qu)、直辖市人民政府药(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)监(jian)督(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)部门(men)监(jian)督(du)(du)销毁(hui)(hui)；不予批签(qian)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)进口(kou)疫苗(miao)应(ying)当由口(kou)岸所在地药(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)监(jian)督(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)部门(men)监(jian)督(du)(du)销毁(hui)(hui)或者(zhe)依法进行其(qi)他处理(li)。国务(wu)院药(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)监(jian)督(du)(du)管(guan)理(li)部门(men)、批签(qian)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)机构应(ying)当及时公布上市疫苗(miao)批签(qian)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)结果，供公众查(cha)询。
疫苗上(shang)市许(xu)可持有人(ren)应当按照采购合同约定(ding)，向(xiang)疾病预(yu)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)制机构(gou)供(gong)应疫苗。疾病预(yu)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)制机构(gou)应当按照规定(ding)向(xiang)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)单位供(gong)应疫苗。疾病预(yu)防(fang)(fang)控(kong)制机构(gou)以(yi)外的单位和(he)个人(ren)不得向(xiang)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)单位供(gong)应疫苗，接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)单位不得接(jie)(jie)收该(gai)疫苗。
医(yi)疗(liao)卫(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)员(yuan)实(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，应(ying)(ying)(ying)当(dang)告知(zhi)受(shou)(shou)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)其监(jian)(jian)护(hu)人(ren)所接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疫苗的(de)品种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、作用、禁忌、不(bu)良(liang)反应(ying)(ying)(ying)以(yi)及(ji)现(xian)场留(liu)(liu)观等(deng)注意事项，询问受(shou)(shou)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)健(jian)(jian)康状况(kuang)(kuang)以(yi)及(ji)是否有接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)禁忌等(deng)情(qing)况(kuang)(kuang)，并如(ru)实(shi)(shi)(shi)记录告知(zhi)和(he)询问情(qing)况(kuang)(kuang)。受(shou)(shou)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)其监(jian)(jian)护(hu)人(ren)应(ying)(ying)(ying)当(dang)如(ru)实(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)供受(shou)(shou)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)健(jian)(jian)康状况(kuang)(kuang)和(he)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)禁忌等(deng)情(qing)况(kuang)(kuang)。有接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)禁忌不(bu)能接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)，医(yi)疗(liao)卫(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)员(yuan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)当(dang)向受(shou)(shou)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)其监(jian)(jian)护(hu)人(ren)提(ti)出(chu)医(yi)学(xue)建议(yi)(yi)，并如(ru)实(shi)(shi)(shi)记录提(ti)出(chu)医(yi)学(xue)建议(yi)(yi)情(qing)况(kuang)(kuang)。医(yi)疗(liao)卫(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)员(yuan)在实(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前，应(ying)(ying)(ying)当(dang)按照(zhao)预(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工作规范的(de)要求，检查(cha)受(shou)(shou)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)健(jian)(jian)康状况(kuang)(kuang)、核(he)查(cha)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)禁忌，查(cha)对(dui)预(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)证，检查(cha)疫苗、注射器的(de)外观、批(pi)号、有效期，核(he)对(dui)受(shou)(shou)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)的(de)姓名、年龄和(he)疫苗的(de)品名、规格、剂(ji)量、接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)位、接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)途径，做到受(shou)(shou)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、预(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)证和(he)疫苗信(xin)息相一(yi)致(zhi)，确认无误后方可实(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。医(yi)疗(liao)卫(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)员(yuan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)当(dang)对(dui)符合接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)条件的(de)受(shou)(shou)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)实(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。受(shou)(shou)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)在现(xian)场留(liu)(liu)观期间出(chu)现(xian)不(bu)良(liang)反应(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)，医(yi)疗(liao)卫(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)员(yuan)应(ying)(ying)(ying)当(dang)按照(zhao)预(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工作规范的(de)要求，及(ji)时采取(qu)救治等(deng)措施(shi)。
医疗(liao)卫(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)员(yuan)应当按照国(guo)务(wu)院(yuan)卫(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)健康主管部(bu)门的(de)(de)规(gui)定(ding)，真实(shi)、准确(que)、完整记录(lu)疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)的(de)(de)品(pin)种(zhong)、上市许可(ke)持有(you)人(ren)、最小(xiao)包(bao)装单位的(de)(de)识别信息、有(you)效(xiao)期、接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)时间、实(shi)施(shi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)的(de)(de)医疗(liao)卫(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)人(ren)员(yuan)、受种(zhong)者等接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)信息，确(que)保(bao)接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)信息可(ke)追溯、可(ke)查(cha)(cha)询。接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)记录(lu)应当保(bao)存至疫(yi)(yi)苗(miao)有(you)效(xiao)期满后不(bu)少于五年备查(cha)(cha)。
国(guo)(guo)家对儿(er)童(tong)实行(xing)预(yu)(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)证制(zhi)度(du)。在(zai)儿(er)童(tong)出(chu)(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)后一个月内(nei)，其监护人应当到儿(er)童(tong)居住地承担(dan)预(yu)(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)作的(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)单(dan)位或者出(chu)(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)医(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)为其办理预(yu)(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)证。接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)单(dan)位或者出(chu)(chu)生(sheng)(sheng)医(yi)院(yuan)(yuan)不得拒绝办理。监护人应当妥善保(bao)管预(yu)(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)证。预(yu)(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)实行(xing)居住地管理，儿(er)童(tong)离开原居住地期(qi)间，由现居住地承担(dan)预(yu)(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)作的(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)单(dan)位负责对其实施接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。预(yu)(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)证的(de)格式由国(guo)(guo)务院(yuan)(yuan)卫生(sheng)(sheng)健(jian)康主管部(bu)门规(gui)定。
儿(er)(er)童入托、入学时，托幼(you)机(ji)构(gou)(gou)、学校(xiao)应(ying)当(dang)(dang)查(cha)验预(yu)(yu)防(fang)接(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)证，发现未按(an)照(zhao)规(gui)定(ding)(ding)接(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)免疫(yi)规(gui)划疫(yi)苗的，应(ying)当(dang)(dang)向儿(er)(er)童居住地或者托幼(you)机(ji)构(gou)(gou)、学校(xiao)所在(zai)地承担(dan)预(yu)(yu)防(fang)接(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)工作的接(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)单(dan)位(wei)报告，并配合接(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)单(dan)位(wei)督促其(qi)监护人(ren)按(an)照(zhao)规(gui)定(ding)(ding)补种(zhong)(zhong)。疾(ji)病预(yu)(yu)防(fang)控(kong)制(zhi)机(ji)构(gou)(gou)应(ying)当(dang)(dang)为(wei)托幼(you)机(ji)构(gou)(gou)、学校(xiao)查(cha)验预(yu)(yu)防(fang)接(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)证等提供技术(shu)指导。儿(er)(er)童入托、入学预(yu)(yu)防(fang)接(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)证查(cha)验办法由国(guo)务(wu)院(yuan)卫生健康主管部门会同国(guo)务(wu)院(yuan)教育行政部门制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)。
接(jie)种单位接(jie)种免(mian)(mian)疫(yi)规(gui)划疫(yi)苗不得收取任(ren)何费用(yong)。接(jie)种单位接(jie)种非免(mian)(mian)疫(yi)规(gui)划疫(yi)苗，除收取疫(yi)苗费用(yong)外(wai)，还可以收取接(jie)种服务费。接(jie)种服务费的收费标准由省(sheng)、自治区、直(zhi)辖(xia)市人民政府价格(ge)主管部(bu)(bu)门会同财政部(bu)(bu)门制(zhi)定(ding)。
问：预防接种知情同意书是什么？
答：在孩(hai)子(zi)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前，接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)医生会告知家长所接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疫(yi)苗的品种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、作用、禁(jin)(jin)忌、不良反(fan)应、注意事项(xiang)等，并询问孩(hai)子(zi)的健康(kang)状况及是否有接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)禁(jin)(jin)忌等，如实记录告知和询问情况。家长应了解预(yu)防(fang)接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相关知识，如实提供(gong)孩(hai)子(zi)的健康(kang)状况和接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)禁(jin)(jin)忌，以帮助医生正确掌握孩(hai)子(zi)的接(jie)(jie)种(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)禁(jin)(jin)忌。
预(yu)防接(jie)(jie)种知(zhi)情告知(zhi)与知(zhi)情同意是医生和家长的责任，家长应认真阅读(du)预(yu)防接(jie)(jie)种知(zhi)情同意书(shu)。
问：妈妈得过疫苗针对的传染病，孩子是不是可以不用接种相应疫苗？
答：无论(lun)妈妈是否(fou)得(de)过疫苗(miao)针(zhen)对的传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)，孩子(zi)出生后都应按照免疫程序(xu)及时进行疫苗(miao)接种(zhong)。虽然(ran)妈妈体内抵抗(kang)某(mou)种(zhong)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)的抗(kang)体可以通过胎(tai)盘传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)给胎(tai)儿(er)，但(dan)这种(zhong)母传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)抗(kang)体会(hui)随孩子(zi)月(yue)龄的增长而(er)逐渐(jian)消失(shi)，孩子(zi)也会(hui)因母传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)抗(kang)体消失(shi)而(er)成(cheng)为(wei)传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)的易感者(zhe)。因此，即(ji)使妈妈得(de)过疫苗(miao)针(zhen)对的传(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)，孩子(zi)还是需要接种(zhong)疫苗(miao)的。
问：哪些情况应禁忌疫苗接种？
答：被世界(jie)卫生组织（WHO）列(lie)为疫(yi)苗接种禁忌情况的(de)有(you)：
免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)异(yi)常者(zhe)，如先天(tian)性或(huo)获得性免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)缺陷(xian)、恶性肿(zhong)瘤(liu)等疾病(bing)患(huan)者(zhe)，以(yi)及应用(yong)皮质固(gu)醇(chun)、烷化剂、抗(kang)代(dai)谢药(yao)物或(huo)接受(shou)放射治疗而免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)功能受(shou)到抑制(zhi)者(zhe)，一般不(bu)(bu)能接种减毒活(huo)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)苗，如不(bu)(bu)能口服脊(ji)灰减毒活(huo)疫(yi)(yi)(yi)苗，不(bu)(bu)能接种麻(ma)疹疫(yi)(yi)(yi)苗等。
急(ji)性传染(ran)(ran)病患(huan)者，如果受(shou)种(zhong)者正(zheng)患(huan)有(you)伴有(you)发热或明显全身不(bu)适症状(zhuang)的急(ji)性传染(ran)(ran)病时，应推(tui)迟(chi)接种(zhong)。
既往(wang)接种疫(yi)苗(miao)后曾经出现过(guo)严重不(bu)良(liang)反应(ying)者(zhe)，如对疫(yi)苗(miao)成分严重过(guo)敏，或(huo)者(zhe)接种疫(yi)苗(miao)后出现严重过(guo)敏反应(ying)，则(ze)不(bu)能(neng)再次接种同一种疫(yi)苗(miao)。
患有进行(xing)性神经系统(tong)疾病(bing)(bing)的(de)儿童(tong)，如未控制的(de)癫痫、婴儿痉挛(luan)或进行(xing)性脑病(bing)(bing)等(deng)，不应接种含有乙(yi)脑、流(liu)脑、百(bai)日咳等(deng)抗原的(de)疫(yi)苗。
预防接(jie)种(zhong)人员(yuan)在接(jie)种(zhong)疫苗时，应根(gen)据孩(hai)子的(de)健康状态判定(ding)是否可以接(jie)种(zhong)。遇(yu)《中国药典(dian)》及疫苗说明书中明确规(gui)定(ding)的(de)禁忌，不应接(jie)种(zhong)疫苗，或者推迟接(jie)种(zhong)疫苗。
问：什么是传统疫苗和新型疫苗？
答：按研(yan)发(fa)技术来分，疫苗可分为传统疫苗和新型疫苗两类。
制备传统疫苗采用的(de)是(shi)巴斯德等最初研制的(de)方(fang)法，疫苗成(cheng)分(fen)包含(han)整个细菌(jun)或(huo)病毒等病原微生物(wu)，或(huo)病原微生物(wu)的(de)某些亚单位(wei)成(cheng)分(fen)，包括灭活(huo)疫苗、减毒活(huo)疫苗。新型疫苗主要(yao)是(shi)指使(shi)用基因工(gong)程(cheng)技术(shu)生产(chan)的(de)疫苗，包括基因工(gong)程(cheng)亚单位(wei)疫苗、基因工(gong)程(cheng)载体疫苗、核酸疫苗、基因缺失疫苗。通常来(lai)说，遗传重组(zu)疫苗、合成(cheng)肽疫苗和抗独(du)特型抗体疫苗也属于新型疫苗。
问：灭活疫苗有几种类型？
答(da)：目前灭活疫(yi)苗主要有全细胞疫(yi)苗和组分疫(yi)苗两种类型。
最早研制全细(xi)胞灭活病(bing)毒疫(yi)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)是(shi)巴斯德(de)。他最初用灭活狂(kuang)犬(quan)病(bing)病(bing)毒（来源于冻(dong)干的(de)兔脊(ji)髓）对(dui)动物注射，可使动物免患狂(kuang)犬(quan)病(bing)。之后用此原(yuan)理研制成功人用狂(kuang)犬(quan)疫(yi)苗(miao)(miao)，保护人类免患狂(kuang)犬(quan)病(bing)。全细(xi)胞疫(yi)苗(miao)(miao)的(de)现(xian)代范例是(shi)全细(xi)胞百日(ri)咳疫(yi)苗(miao)(miao)。该疫(yi)苗(miao)(miao)由灭活或脱(tuo)毒的(de)百日(ri)咳鲍特菌培养物悬浮液制备而成，含(han)有(you)活菌的(de)各种抗原(yuan)，具有(you)效果好、反(fan)应(ying)原(yuan)性(xing)强等特点。
组分疫(yi)苗只含病原体的(de)一(yi)部分而(er)非其全(quan)部。如为减(jian)少全(quan)细胞百(bai)日咳(ke)疫(yi)苗的(de)不良反(fan)应，提(ti)取灭(mie)活的(de)百(bai)日咳(ke)杆(gan)菌的(de)几种(zhong)主要成分（百(bai)日咳(ke)毒素(su)、丝状血凝(ning)素(su)、百(bai)日咳(ke)杆(gan)菌黏附素(su)和(he)菌毛(mao)等），将其制备成无细胞百(bai)日咳(ke)疫(yi)苗。
问：什么是重组疫苗？
答：在基(ji)(ji)因水平(ping)上制备的疫(yi)苗(miao)称重组(zu)疫(yi)苗(miao)。根据研制原(yuan)理的不(bu)同(tong)，重组(zu)疫(yi)苗(miao)可以分为基(ji)(ji)因工程疫(yi)苗(miao)、基(ji)(ji)因重组(zu)疫(yi)苗(miao)、转基(ji)(ji)因植物疫(yi)苗(miao)和(he)DNA疫(yi)苗(miao)四类。
基因工程疫(yi)苗是(shi)用基因工程方(fang)法或克(ke)隆技术，分离出病(bing)原微生物保护性(xing)抗原目的(de)(de)基因片段克(ke)隆，插入表(biao)达(da)(da)载体的(de)(de)核酸(suan)序列中(zhong)进行表(biao)达(da)(da)的(de)(de)疫(yi)苗。
基因重组疫苗是通过强、弱毒株之间进(jin)行基因片段交换而获得的疫苗。
转基(ji)因(yin)植物(wu)疫苗用(yong)转基(ji)因(yin)方法(fa)，将(jiang)编码有(you)效免疫原(yuan)的基(ji)因(yin)导(dao)入可(ke)(ke)食用(yong)植物(wu)细胞(bao)的基(ji)因(yin)组中，免疫原(yuan)即可(ke)(ke)在植物(wu)的可(ke)(ke)食用(yong)部分稳定地表达(da)和(he)积累(lei)。人类和(he)动物(wu)通过摄(she)食达(da)到免疫接种的目的，它具有(you)可(ke)(ke)以口服、易被儿童接受(shou)、价(jia)廉等优(you)点。
